El Imperio británico (I) | Julio Crespo MacLennan

James Thomson (NIVEL AVANZADO)

 

James Thomson (1700-1748)

 

 

British poet, b. Ednam, Roxburghshire, Scotland; st. Edinburgh College, intended Presbyterian ministry; left Scotland 1725, w. in London as secretary, tutor of Charles Talbot during European tour. Associated (like Fielding) to Lyttelton's 'Patriots', rivals to Walpole; d. Richmond.

 

 

______. "Of a Country Life." Poem. Edinburgh Miscellany. 1720.

_____. "To the Memory of Sir Isaac Newton." Poem. May 1727.

_____. The Seasons. Poem in 4 books. 1730-1746.

_____. Sophonisba. Tragedy. 1730.

_____. Liberty. Poem in 5 parts. 1735-36.

_____. Agamemnon. Tragedy. 1738.

_____. "Ode: Rule, Britannia." 1740.

_____. Tancred and Sigismunda. Tragedy. 1745.

_____. The Castle of Indolence. Poem. 1748.

 

 

3. EARLY 18TH C.

 

 Para ir al principio del siglo XVIII, ir al final de este post, que va en orden inverso (estilo blog) como todas nuestras unidades.  Empezamos este medio siglo con Sarah Egerton (al pie del post).

Y terminamos con algunos poetas de mediados de siglo—a nivel avanzado:

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NIVEL AVANZADO:

POETRY AFTER POPE (1730s-1760s)

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Empezaremos diciembre terminando la unidad 3 (principios del siglo XVIII), con Swift y Gulliver's Travels. A continuación pasamos a la unidad 4 con Richardson y Fielding.

1 dic. Hoy trataremos de Jonathan Swift. Traed el texto de Gulliver's Travels.

 

The Flying Island of Laputa:

"These people are under continual disquietudes, never enjoying a minutes peace of mind; and their disturbances proceed from causes which very little affect the rest of mortals. Their apprehensions arise from several changes they dread in the celestial bodies: for instance, that the earth, by the continual approaches of the sun towards it, must, in course of time, be absorbed, or swallowed up; that the face of the sun, will, by degrees, be encrusted with its own effluvia, and give no more light to the world; that the earth very narrowly escaped a brush from the tail of the last comet, which would have infallibly reduced it to ashes; and that the next, which they have calculated for one-and-thirty years hence, will probably destroy us. For if, in its perihelion, it should approach within a certain degree of the sun (as by their calculations they have reason to dread) it will receive a degree of heat ten thousand times more intense than that of red hot glowing iron, and in its absence from the sun, carry a blazing tail ten hundred thousand and fourteen miles long, through which, if the earth should pass at the distance of one hundred thousand miles from the nucleus, or main body of the comet, it must in its passage be set on fire, and reduced to ashes: that the sun, daily spending its rays without any nutriment to supply them, will at last be wholly consumed and annihilated; which must be attended with the destruction of this earth, and of all the planets that receive their light from it.

They are so perpetually alarmed with the apprehensions of these, and the like impending dangers, that they can neither sleep quietly in their beds, nor have any relish for the common pleasures and amusements of life. When they meet an acquaintance in the morning, the first question is about the sun's health, how he looked at his setting and rising, and what hopes they have to avoid the stroke of the approaching comet. This conversation they are apt to run into with the same temper that boys discover in delighting to hear terrible stories of spirits and hobgoblins, which they greedily listen to, and dare not go to bed for fear." (...)

Unos apuntes en audio sobre Jonathan Swift y Gulliver's Travels:



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JONATHAN SWIFT: NIVEL AVANZADO

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Some customs of the YAHOOS:

"As to learning, government, arts, manufactures, and the like," my master confessed, "he could find little or no resemblance between the YAHOOS of that country and those in ours; for he only meant to observe what parity there was in our natures. He had heard, indeed, some curious HOUYHNHNMS observe, that in most herds there was a sort of ruling YAHOO (as among us there is generally some leading or principal stag in a park), who was always more deformed in body, and mischievous in disposition, than any of the rest; that this leader had usually a favourite as like himself as he could get, whose employment was to lick his master's feet and posteriors, and drive the female YAHOOS to his kennel; for which he was now and then rewarded with a piece of ass's flesh. This favourite is hated by the whole herd, and therefore, to protect himself, keeps always near the person of his leader. He usually continues in office till a worse can be found; but the very moment he is discarded, his successor, at the head of all the YAHOOS in that district, young and old, male and female, come in a body, and discharge their excrements upon him from head to foot. But how far this might be applicable to our courts, and favourites, and ministers of state, my master said I could best determine."

 

 
Jonathan Swift   (1667-1745)

_____. The Battle of the Books. Written 1696-8. Pub. 1704.
_____.  A Tale of a Tub.  Satire. Written 1696-8. Pub.1704, 1710.
_____, ed. The Examiner (Bolingbroke’s Tory newspaper). 1710.
_____. Journal to Stella. 1710-1713. Letters to Esther Johnson and Rebecca Dingley.  Pub. 1766-8.
_____. Argument to Prove that the Abolishing of Christianity in England, may .... be Attained with some Inconveniences. Pamplet. 1711.
_____. "A Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue." 1712.
_____. "Cadenus and Vanessa." Poem. 1713, pub. 1726.
_____. Public Spirit of the Whigs. Pamphlet. 1714.
_____.  "On the Corruption of the English Tongue." 1720.
_____. Proposal for the Universal Use of Irish Manufacture. Pamphlet. 1720.
_____. Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World, by Lemuel Gulliver (GULLIVER'S TRAVELS). Written 1721-25. London, 1726.
_____. The Drapier's Letters. Pamphlet series. 1724.  
_____. A Modest Proposal for Preventing the Children of Poor People from Being a Burthen to Their Parents or Country. 1729.
_____. "Verses on the Death of Dr. Swift." Satire. 1731, pub. 1739.
_____. Works. 4 vols. Dublin: George Faulkner, 1735.
 _____. A Complete Collection of Genteel and Ingenuous Conversation. Satire. 1738.





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Una introducción a Swift.

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El jueves usaremos las lecturas de Addison y de Pope.

 

 
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Alexander Pope (In Our Time, BBC audio)

Alexander Pope, English poet, son of a Catholic businessman; small and crook-backed, poor health; l. unmarried in Twickenham; Catholic/deist, associated first with Whigs and soon with Scriblerus club of Tory satirists; friend of Gay, Swift, Arbuthnot, Bolingbroke; quarrelsome man of letters, conservative Tory critic of men and manners; neoclassical model in English poetry after Dryden and major poet of "The Age of Pope".



AQUÍ UNOS APUNTES SOBRE ALEXANDER POPE,  

&
some works by


ALEXANDER POPE  (1688-1744)
_____.  Pastorals. 1709.
_____.  An Essay on Criticism.  1711. 
_____. The Temple of Fame. Imitation of Chaucer. Written c. 1711, pub. 1715.
_____. The Rape of the Lock. First version. 1712. Enlarged ed. 1714.
_____. "Windsor Forest." 1713.
_____. The Iliad of Homer Translated. 1715-20.
_____. "Epistle of Eloisa to Abelard." Poem. 1717.
_____. Epistles. (To Addison, etc.).
_____. The Works.  1717.
_____. "Preface to The Works of Shakespear."  1725. 
_____, trans. The Odyssey of Homer. 1725-26. (In collaboration)
_____.  Peri Bathous or, The Art of Sinking in Poetry.  1727. 
_____. The Dunciad. 1728-1743.
_____. Moral Essays. 1731-35.
_____. Correspondence. 1735.
_____. Essay on Man. 1733-1734.
_____. Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot.  Poem. 1735.
_____. Imitations of Horace. 1737.
_____. The Universal Prayer. 1738. 

 
Pope, Swift, Arbuthnot, Parnell, Gay, Oxford. (Ps. "Martinus Scriblerus"). Memoirs of Martinus Scriblerus. Written c. 1712-14, pub. 1741.
_____. Miscellanies. 1727-32.




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NIVEL AVANZADO: Alexander Pope

Pope and his elder contemporaries in verse (Saintsbury)


Otra poetisa importante del círculo de Pope: Anne Finch, Countess of Winchilsea



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LADY MARY WORTLEY MONTAGU (1689-1762, née Mary Pierrepont)
_____. Town Eclogues and Court Poems. 1716.
_____. (Anon.). The Nonsense of Common Sense. Periodical. 1737-38.
_____. Letters. 4 vols. 1763-7.

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JOHN GAY (1685-1732)
_____. Wine. Poem. 1708.
_____. The Shepherd's Week. Mock pastorals. 1714.
_____. Trivia, or the Art of Walking the Streets of London. Mock georgic. 1716.
_____. Acis and Galatea. Libretto for Handel's opera. 1718.
_____. Fables. 1727, 1738.
_____. The Beggar's Opera. Musical. 1728. (some songs here)
_____. Polly. Musical. 1729.

 

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Ahora que estáis empezando a hacer los trabajos de curso, recordad que tenéis información bibliográfica sobre los distintos autores en Google, claro, pero también en mi Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism and Philology (sección "Authors". También hay otras secciones sobre géneros, épocas, etc.). http://bit.ly/abiblio

25 Nov. Nuestra primera lectura hoy será el ensayo de Addison 'On the Scale of Being'

 

 

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NIVEL AVANZADO:


George Berkeley  (Kilkenny, Ireland 1685-Oxford 1753 - Anglican bishop and "immaterialist" philosopher):

_____. An Essay towards a New Theory of Vision. 2nd ed. 1709.
_____. A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge. 1710, 1734.
_____. Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous. London, 1713.
_____. (Anonymous). Essay Towards Preventing the Ruin of Great Britain. 1721.
_____. Proposal for the Better Supplying of Churches in our foreign Plantations. 1725.
_____. Alciphron: or, The Minute Philosopher. 1732.
_____. Theory of Vision, or Visual Language Vindicated and Explained.  1733.
_____. The Analyst. Mathematical theory. 1734.
_____. The Querist. Periodical. 1735.
_____. Some Thoughts on the Tillage of Ireland. Dublin, 1738.
_____. Siris: A Chain of Philosophical Reflections and Inquiries concerning the Virtues of Tar-Water. 1744.
_____. Verses on the Prospect of Planting Arts and Learning in America. 1752.

NIVEL AVANZADO: Empiricism and the Mind

- Another "immaterialist":

Arthur Collier (1680-1732)
_____. Clavis Universalis: or a New Inquiry after Truth, Being a Demonstration of the Non-Existence, or Impossibility, of an External World. 1713.

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Robert Hooke, Micrographia: Or some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses… London, 1665.

A mite, an illustration from Robert Hooke's Micrographia:

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The Great Chain of Being:

 

 

Works by Addison and Steele:

Joseph Addison.  The Campaign. Epic poem. 1704.
_____. Milton's Style Imitated in a Translation out of . . . the Third Aeneid. 1704.
_____. Rosamond. Opera. 1707. (Aria "Rise, glory, rise." from Rosamond)
_____. Cato: A Tragedy. 1713.
_____. Notes upon the Twelve Books of PARADISE LOST. London, 1719.
_____. The Old Whig. Serial pamphlet. 1719.




Addison, Joseph, and Richard Steele. The Tatler. Periodical essay. 1709-11.
_____. The Spectator.  Periodical essay. 1711-12.

Steele, Richard. The Christian Hero. Political pamphlet. 1701.
_____. The Tender Husband. Drama. 1705.
_____. Poems in The Muses Mercury.
_____. The Gazette. Official periodical. 1707-10.
_____. The Crisis. Pamphlet. 1713.
_____. The Reader. Periodical. 1714.
_____. Town Talk. Periodical. 1715-16.
_____. Political pamphlets. 1715.
_____. The Tea-Table. Periodical. 1715-16.
_____. Chit-Chat. Periodical. 1716.
_____. The Conscious Lovers. Drama. Prod. Nov. 1722.
_____, ed. The Examiner. Newspaper. (Nos. 14-46, October, 1710).
_____, ed. The Guardian. Periodical.  (175 nos. 1713). Monthly miscellany. 1707.


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NIVEL AVANZADO:

-  Addison on Aliens


-   Some Augustan prose writers

- Two novelists in the wake of Defoe's fictional memoirs:

 

ROBERT PALTOCK (1697-1769)

- The Life and Adventures of Peter Wilkins. 1751.

 

JOHN CLELAND (1710-1789)

- Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure (or, Fanny Hill). 1748.

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El miércoles trataremos de Sarah Egerton, y luego de Daniel Defoe y Robinson Crusoe: id leyendo la selección que las de las novelas empiezan a ser un poquito largas.

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DANIEL DEFOE (1660-1731)

Daniel Defoe, English journalist and novelist, b. London; Daniel Foe to 1695; lower middle class dissenter; st. Newington Green, abandoned plans to become a Presbyterian minister, joined Monmouth's rebellion; married, set up import and export business, joined King William's invading forces, bankrupt businessman, then Whig journalist and political activist, pilloried and imprisoned 1703-4, double agent, collaborated with Tory government of Harley, travelled throughout Britain, political activist and informer;  supported union with Scotland and Hanoverian succession; imprisoned again 1713;  then worked again with Whigs; l. Stoke Newington, turned "novelist" in old age, died while in hiding from creditors.

 

  _____. An Essay upon Projects.  1697.
_____. Enquiry into the Occasional Conformity of Dissenters. Pamphlet. 1698.
_____. Legion's Memorial to the House of Commons. Pamphlet. 1701.
_____. The True-Born Englishman.  Satirical poem. 1701.
_____. The Shortest Way with the Dissenters. Hoax pamphlet. 1702.
_____. Hymn to the Pillory. Satirical poem. 1702.
_____. The Storm. Journalistic pamphlet. 1703.
_____. The Review. Journalism. 1704-13.
_____. True Relation of the Apparition of one Mrs. Veal. Tale. 1706.
_____. The History of the Union of Great Britain.  Edinburgh, 1709.
_____. Mercator, or Commerce Retriev'd. Journal. 1713-14.
_____. The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, of York, Mariner. Memoir novel. 1719.  (ebook here)
_____. The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe: Being the Second and Last Part of his Life. Narrative. 1719.
_____. Serious Reflections during the Life and Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe: With his Vision of the Angelick World.  1720.
_____. The Memoirs of a Cavalier. Memoir novel. 1720.
_____.  Captain Singleton.  Memoir novel.  1720.
_____. The Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Famous Moll Flanders. Memoir novel. 1722. 
_____.  Colonel Jacque.  Memoir novel.  1722.
_____. A Journal of the Plague Year. Apocryphal memoir. 1722.
_____. Religious Courtship. Moral treatise. 1722.
_____. Roxana, The Fortunate Mistress. Memoir novel. 1724. (ebook)

_____. A Tour Through the Whole Island of Great Britain. Guide book.  3 vols. 1724-26.
_____. The Complete English Tradesman. Non-fiction. 1726.
_____. An Essay upon Literature. 1726. 

 _____. The Political History of the Devil. 1727.
_____. A System of Magick, or A History of the Black Art. 1727.
_____. A Plan of the English Commerce. Non-fiction. 1728.
_____. The Complete English Gentleman.  Non-fiction. Pub. 1890. 
 




Apuntes sobre Daniel Defoe, del Oxford Companion to English Literature.  Más, en cualquiera de vuestros manuales.



Y aquí una vieja película sobre Robinson Crusoe, del director aragonés Luis Buñuel:


 

1.10.10 Friday

- Daniel Defoe (Wikipedia)

- Para el contexto histórico de Defoe y su época. Una conferencia sobre La expansión colonial del imperio británico del siglo XVI al XVIII.

 
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NIVEL AVANZADO:

From Queen Anne to the Georges

 NIVEL AVANZADO: Daniel Defoe 

A wider context for Defoe's Journal of the Plague Year: Plagues and plague literature.

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SARAH FYGE EGERTON     (1670-1723)

Sarah Egerton, née Fyge, outspoken feminist, precocious writer, sent to the country by her parents to repress her, forced to marry Edward Field, widow, married cousin Reverend Thomas Egerton, unsuccessfuly sued for divorce, loved Henry Pierce, scandal and public ridicule, attacked by Mary Delariviere Manley in The New Atalantis.

 

  _____. (anon.). The Female Advocate or, an Answer to a Late Satyr Against the Pride, Lust and Inconstancy, c. of Woman. Written by a Lady in Vindication of her Sex. 1686. (A verse satire published in response to Robert Gould's misogynist satire, Love Given O'er: A Satire Against the Pride, Lust, and Inconstancy, etc. of Woman, 1682).
_____. (signed S. F.). Poems on Several Occasions, Together with a Pastoral… 1703.

_____. "The Emulation." In Representative Poetry Online.*
    http://rpo.library.utoronto.ca/poems/emulation

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- Aquí hay algunos títulos relativos al comienzo del periodismo en el siglo XVII.
 

 

 

2. Late 17th c.

 

Addison, On the Scale of Being

 JOSEPH ADDISON: [On the Scale of Being]

The Spectator, No. 519, October 25, 1712

Inde hominum pecudumque genus, vitaeque volantum,

Et quae marmore fert monstra sub aequore pontus. (1)

—VIRGIL, Aeneid 6.728-29

Though there is a great deal of pleasure in contemplating the material world, by which I mean that system of bodies into which nature has so curiously wrought the mass of dead matter, with the several relations which those bodies bear to one another, there is still, methinks, something more wonderful and surprising in contemplations on the world of life, by which I mean all those animals with which every part of the universe is furnished. The material world is only the shell of the universe: the world of life are its inhabitants.

If we consider those parts of the material world which lie nearest to us and are, therefore, subject to our observations and inquiries, it is amazing to consider the infinity of animals with which it is stocked. Every part of matter is peopled. Every green leaf swarms with inhabitants. There is scarce a single humor in the body of a man, or of any other animal, in which our glasses (2) do not discover myriads of living creatures. The surface of animals is also covered with other animals which are, in the same manner, the basis of other animals that live upon it; nay, we find in the most solid bodies, as in marble itself, innumerable cells and cavities that are crowded with such imperceptible inhabitants as are too little for the naked eye to discover. On the other hand, if we look into the more bulky parts of nature, we see the seas, lakes, and rivers teeming with numberless kinds of living creatures. We find every mountain and marsh, wilderness and wood, plentifully stocked with birds and beasts, and every part of matter affording proper necessaries and conveniences for the livelihood of multitudes which inhabit it.

The author of The Plurality of Worlds (3) draws a very good argument upon this consideration for the peopling of every planet, as indeed it seems very probable from the analogy of reason that, if no part of matter which we are acquainted with lies waste and useless, those great bodies, which are at such a distance from us, should not be desert and unpeopled, but rather that they should be furnished with beings adapted to their respective situations.

Existence is a blessing to those beings only who are endowed with perception and is, in a manner, thrown away upon dead matter any further than as it is subservient to beings which are conscious of their existence. Accordingly, we find from the bodies which lie under our observation that matter is only made as the basis and support of animals and that there is no more of the one than what is necessary for the existence of the other.

Infinite Goodness is of so communicative a nature that it seems to delight in the conferring of existence upon every degree of perceptive being. As this is a speculation which I have often pursued with great pleasure to myself, I shall enlarge further upon it, by considering that part of the scale of beings which comes within our knowledge.

There are some living creatures which are raised but just above dead matter. To mention only that species of shellfish, which are formed in the fashion of a cone, that grow to the surface of several rocks and immediately die upon their being severed from the place where they grow. There are many other creatures but one remove from these, which have no other sense besides that of feeling and taste. Others have still an additional one of hearing, others of smell, and others of sight. It is wonderful to observe by what a gradual progress the world of life advances through a prodigious variety of species before a creature is formed that is complete in all its senses; and, even among these, there is such a different degree of perfection in the sense which one animal enjoys, beyond what appears in another, that, though the sense in different animals be distinguished by the same common denomination, it seems almost of a different nature. If after this we look into the several inward perfections of cunning and sagacity, or what we generally call instinct, we find them rising after the same manner, imperceptibly, one above another, and receiving additional improvements, according to the species in which they are implanted. This progress in nature is so very gradual that the most perfect of an inferior species comes very near to the most imperfect of that which is immediately above it.

The exuberant and overflowing goodnes of the Supreme Being, whose mercy extends to all his works, is plainly seen, as I have before hinted, from his having made so very little matter, at least what falls within our knowledge, that does not swarm with life. Nor is his goodness less seen in the diversity than in the multitude of living creatures. Had he only made one species of animals, none of the rest would have enjoyed the happiness of existence; he has, therefore, specified in his creation every degree of life, every capacity of being. The whole chasm in nature, from a plant to a man, is filled up with diverse kinds of creatures, rising one over another by such a gentle and easy ascent that the little transitions and deviations from one species to another are almost insensible. This intermediate space is so well husbanded and managed that there is scarce a degree of perception that does not appear in some one part of the world of life. Is the goodness or wisdom of the Divine Being more manifested in this his proceeding?

There is a consequence, besides those I have already mentioned, which seems very naturally deducible from the foregoing considerations. If the scale of being rises by such a regular process so high as man, we may by a parity of reason (4) suppose that it still proceeds gradually through those beings which are of a superior nature to him, since there is an infinite greater space and room for different degrees of perfection between the Supreme Being and man than between man and the most despicable insect. This consequence of so great a variety of beings which are superior to us, from that variety which is inferior to us, is made by Mr. Locke (5) in a passage which I shall here set down after having premised that, notwithstanding there is such infinite room between man and his Maker for the creative power to exert itself in, it is impossible that it should ever be filled up, since there will be still an infinite gap or distance between the highest created being and the Power which produced him:

That there should be more species of intelligent creatures above us than there are of sensible and material below, is probable to me from hence: That in all the visible corporeal world we see no chasms or no gaps. All quite down from us, the descent is by easy steps and a continued series of things that, in each remove, differ very little from the other. There are fishes that have wings and are not strangers to the airy region; and there are some birds that are inhabitants of the water, whose blood is cold as fishes and their flesh so like in taste that the scrupulous are allowed them on fish days. There are animals so near of kin both to birds and beasts that they are in the middle between both: amphybious animals link the terrestrial and aquatic together; seals live at land and at sea, and porpoises have the warm blood and entrails of a hog, not to mention what is confidently reported of mermaids or seamen. There are some brutes that seem to have as much knowledge and reason as some that are called men; and the animal and vegetable kingdoms are so nearly joined that, if you will take the lowest of one and the highest of the other, there will scarce be perceived any great difference between them; and so on, till we come to the lowest and the most inorganical parts of matter, we shall find everywhere that the several species are linked together and differ but in almost insensible degrees. And when we consider the infinite power and wisdom of the Maker, we have reason to think that it is suitable to the magnificent harmony of the universe and the great design and infinite goodness of the Architect, that the species of creatures should also, by gentle degrees, ascend upward from us toward his infinite perfection, as we see they gradually descend from us downward; which, if it be probable, we have reason to be persuaded that there are far more species of creatures above us than there are beneath, we being in degrees of perfection and much more remote from the infinite being of God than we are from the lowest state of being and that which approaches nearest to nothing. And yet of all those distinct species we have no clear distinct ideas.

In this system of being, there is no creature so wonderful in its nature, and which so much deserves our particular attention, as man, who fills up the middle space between the animal and intellectual nature, the visible and invisible world, and is that link in the chain of beings which has been often termed the nexus utriusque mundi (6). So that he who, in one respect, is associated with angels and archangels, may look upon a Being of infinite perfection as his father, and the highest order of spirits as his brethren, may, in another respect, say to corruption, "Thou art my father," and to the worm, "Thou art my mother and my sister" (7).

Notes

1. Thence the race of men and beasts, the life of flying creatures, and the monsters that the ocean bears beneath her smooth surface (Latin).

2. Microscopes. "Humor": fluid.

3. Bernard de Fontenelle (1657-1757). This popular book, a series of dialogues between a scientist and a countess concerning the possibility of other inhabited planets and the new astrophysics in general, was published in 1686 in France and was translated in 1688 by both John Glanvill and Aphra Behn.

4. A reasonable analogy or equivalence.

5. John Locke, in his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, 3.6.12.

6. The binding together of both worlds (Latin).

7. Job 17.14.

 

 

 

 

 

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Addison on Aliens: On the origins of the Evolutionary Epic

2. LATE 17TH C.

2. LATE 17TH C.

El 17-N empezamos con Oroonoko de Aphra Behn, y seguimos con Locke y Egerton.

 

Pronto terminamos el tema 2, con Locke y Newton, y pasamos al tema 3, tratando con Egerton, y con sus respectivas selecciones de textos. Egerton, Newton, y otros autores están a caballo entre la última década del XVII y la primera mitad del siglo XVIII.






Sir Isaac Newton  (1642-1727).

_____. Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica.  1687. (Mathematical principles of natural philosophy)
_____. Opticks. 1704.
_____. A Treatise of the System of the World. 1728. (Written c. 1685)


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NIVEL AVANZADO: Sir Isaac Newton

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JOHN LOCKE     (1632-1704)

_____. (Anon.). Two Treatises of Government.  1689.
_____. (Signed). An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. 1689.
_____. Letters for Toleration. 1690-92.
 _____. Some Considerations of the Consequences of the Lowering of Interest, and Raising the Value of Money. 1691.
_____. Some Thoughts Concerning Education. 1693.
_____. The Reasonableness of Christianity. 1695.

Locke was an English empiricist philosopher and political theorist, b. Wrington, Somersetshire; Lecturer, physician and philosopher; assistant to the First Earl of Shaftesbury, Whig political theorist, exile in Netherlands 1682-88; customs official after revolution; d Oates, Essex; influential theorist of knowledge and economist; proto-liberal, defends political and religious toleration.

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- Some notes on John Locke

- John Locke (Wikipedia).

Aquí un pequeño vídeo sobre Locke (con una errata, ojo: llaman a la revolución de 1688 "la revolución de Cromwell" confundiéndola con la de 1642).









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 NIVEL AVANZADO:

 

Antes del influyente Discurso sobre la Tolerancia de Locke, hubo también precedentes. Aquí hay un breve "Discurso sobre la tolerancia" de William Drummond, poeta con el que empezamos este curso: A Discourse on Toleration

- Materiales sobre John Locke

- Restoration Women Writers

 

- Aquí hay algunos títulos relativos al comienzo del periodismo en el siglo XVII.
 
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El 11-N trataremos de algunos dramaturgos de la Restauración, y más en detalle de Aphra Behn. Necesitaremos el texto de Oroonoko.

 


Aphra Behn  (1640-1689)

_____. The Forc’d Marriage. Drama. 1670.
_____. The Amorous Prince. Heroic drama. 1671.
_____. The Dutch Lover. Drama. 1672.
_____. The Town-Fop; or, Sir Timothy Tawdry. Comedy. 1676.
_____. Abdelazer; or the Moor’s Revenge.  Tragedy. 1676.
_____. The Rover, or, the Banish’t Cavaliers. Comedy. 2 parts. 1677, 1681.
_____. Sir Patient Fancy. Comedy. 1678.
_____. The Feigned Curtezans. Comedy. 1679.
_____. The Young King; or The Mistake. Heroic drama. 1679.
_____. The City Heiress; or, Sir Timothy Treat-All. Comedy. 1682.
_____. The Round-Heads: or, The Good Old Cause.  Satiric drama. 1682.
_____. The False Count; or, a New Way to Play an Old Game. Farce. 1682.
_____. Love Letters between a Nobleman and His Sister.  Novel. 1684.
_____. The Lucky Chance; or , an Alderman’s Bargain. Comedy. 1687.
_____. The Emperor of the Moon. Farce. 1687.
_____. Three Stories, viz. Oroonoko; or, The Royal Slave; The Fair Jilt, and Agnes de Castro.  Novellas. 1688. 

_____. The Widow Ranter. Tragicomedy. 1689.

Oroonoko, or The Royal Slave (Audiobook):





"Oroonoko, or The Royal Slave is a novel by Aphra Behn (1640-1689). Aphra Behn was the first woman writer in England to make a living by her pen, and her novel Oroonoko was the first work published in English to express sympathy for African slaves. Perhaps based partly on Behn's own experiences living in Surinam, the novel tells the tragic story of a noble slave, Oroonoko, and his love Imoinda. The work was an instant success and was adapted for the stage in 1695 (and more recently by the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1999). Behn's work paved the way for women writers who came after her, as Virginia Woolf noted in A Room of One's Own (1928): "All women together ought to let flowers fall upon the tomb of Aphra Behn, ... for it was she who earned them the right to speak their minds." (Summary by Elizabeth Klett)

Orinoco de Aphra Behn

- Some further notes on Aphra Behn.

- Music for Aphra Behn's Abdelazer, by Henry Purcell.

 

 

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NIVEL AVANZADO:

- An audio on Aphra Behn (In Our Time, BBC).

- A lecture on Oroonoko

- An overview of  Oroonoko

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Some Restoration dramatists:

SIR WILLIAM DAVENANT  ( 1605-1668)
_____. The Wits. Comedy. c. 1633.
_____. Love and Honour. Heroic play. 1634, pub. 1649.  Revived 1661.
_____. Temple of Love. Masque. Premiere performed by Queen Henrietta Maria and her ladies. 1635.
_____. Britannia Triumphans. Masque. 1638.
_____. Salmacida Spolia. Masque. 1640.
_____. Gondibert. Epic poem. 1650.
_____. The First Day’s Entertainment at Rutland House.
_____. The Siege of Rhodes. Operatic drama in two parts. Part 1 performed 1656, 1657.
_____. The Cruelty of the Spaniards in Peru. Operatic drama. 1658.
_____. The History of Sir Francis Drake. Operatic drama. 1659.
_____. The Law Against Lovers. Drama.1662. (Based on Shakespeare’s Measure for Measure and Much Ado About Nothing).
_____. Macbeth. Operatic adaptation. 1673.
_____. Playhouse to Be Let. Adapted from Molière.
Davenant, William, and John Dryden. The Tempest or The Enchanted Island.  Operatic adaptation of Shakespeare’s work. 1667.

Davenant was a Royalist poet, dramatist and dramatic producer; the son of an Oxford tavern-keeper, godson and self-reputed illegitimate son of Shakespeare; st. All Saints grammar school, Oxford, and Lincoln College, page to Frances Duchess of Richmond, patronized by Fulke Greville, Lord Brooke; court dramatist and poet, laureate at the Queen’s wish 1638, named governor of the King’s and Queen’s players at Drury Lane 1639; Cavalier activist, imprisoned by Parliamentarians, escape to France, lieutenant-general in the Earl of Newcastle’s army, knighted 1643 for service at the siege of Gloucester, emissary between the King and Queen, l. Paris, Louvre, projected colonist, imprisoned at Wight and the Tower of London, seemingly protected by Milton, later repaid favour, released, organiser of musical dramatic events, Theatre at Rutland House, Charterhouse Yard, 1656-, reviver of drama after Puritan interruption; licensed impresario after Restoration with the Duke’s Company, died insolvent, buried at Westminster Abbey.



George Etherege (1634-1691)
_____. The Comical Revenge, or Love in a Tub. Comedy. 1664.
_____. She Wou'd if She Cou'd. Comedy. 1668.
_____. The Man of Mode, or, Sir Fopling Flutter.  1676.

William Wycherley (1641-1715)

_____. Love in a Wood, or St. James's Park. Drama. 1671.
_____. The Gentleman Dancing-Master. Comedy. 1672.
_____. The Country Wife. Comedy. 1675.
_____. The Plain Dealer. Comedy. 1676.


William Congreve (1670-1729)
_____. The Old Bachelor. Comedy. 1693.
_____. Love for Love. Comedy. 1695.
_____. The Mourning Bride. Tragedy. 1697.
_____. The Way of the World. Comedy. 1700.


________

NIVEL AVANZADO:

 
- the plot of Congreve's The Way of the World.


- Nahum Tate (1652-1715)
______. Shakespearean adaptations (Richard II, King Lear)
______. Dido and Aeneas. Opera with music by Henry Purcell. 1689.

 

__________

 

Samuel Butler (1613-1680)
_____. Hudibras. Burlesque epic. 3 parts. 1663, 1664, 1678.
_____. Characters. 1667-9, pub. 1759. (A virtuoso, A hermetic philosopher, etc.)
_____. The Elephant in the Moon. Satire. 1759.
_____. Satire on the Royal Society. Satirical poem. 1759.
_____. The Genuine Remains in Verse and Prose of Mr Samuel Butler. 1759.



A burlesque dramatic satire against Dryden and the heroic plays: The Rehearsal, ascribed to the Duke of Buckingham and Samuel Butler.
 

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10 nov.: trataremos de Rochester, Dryden, y seguidamente Aphra Behn y Locke.

Primero veremos a Rochester, Dryden, y otros dramaturgos de la Restauración.  Id leyendo las selecciones de novelas que tenemos, que son algo largas, empezando por Oroonoko de Aphra Behn.

JOHN DRYDEN     (1631-1700)

English man of letters, b. Aldwinkle, Northamptonshire; st. Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge; Parliamentarian protestant background, soon Anglican Royalist courtier, converted to catholicism 1686; successful playwright, Poet Laureate 1668; Historiographer 1670; Tory satirist and polemicist vs. Whigs; lost jobs in 1688 Revolution; then jacobite; neoclassical critic and translator; influential dramatist, poet and critic, d. London; buried at Westminster Abbey after some grotesque incidents.

_____. "A Poem upon the Death of His Late Highness, Oliver, Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland." 1659. Rev. version: "Heroic Stanzas Consecrated to the Memory of His Highness Oliver..."
_____. Astraea Redux. A Poem on the Happy Restoration and Return of his Sacred Majesty Charles the Second. Poem. 1660.
_____. To His Sacred Majesty, A Panegyrick on his Coronation. 1661.
_____. The Rival Ladies. Tragicomedy. 1664.
_____. The Indian Emperor, or The Conquest of Mexico by the Spaniards. Heroic drama. 1665.
_____.  Annus Mirabilis, The Year of wonders, 1666. An Historical Poem: containing the Progress and various Successes of our Naval War with Holland, under the Conduct of His Highness Prince Rupert... And describing the Fire of London.  1667.
_____. The Tempest, or The Enchanted Island.  1667. (With William Davenant. Based on Shakespeare. Revised with music by Mattew Locke).
_____.  Of Dramatic Poesy: An Essay.  1668. 
_____. Tyrannick love, or , The Royal Martyr. Heroic play 1669.
_____. Almanzor and Almahide, or The Conquest of Granada. Heroic play. 2 parts, 1669, 1670. Pub. 1672.
_____. An Evening's Love. Tragicomedy. 1671.
_____. Marriage à la Mode. Comedy 1672.
_____. Aureng-Zebe. Heroic play. 1676.
_____. All for Love; or, The World Well Lost. Tragedy. 1678.
_____. Mac-Flecknoe, or A Satyr upon the True-Blew-Protestant Poet, T. S.  1676, pub. 1682.
_____. The Spanish Fryar, or The Double Discovery.  Tragicomedy. 1680.
_____.  (Anon.) Absalom and Achitophel.  (1st part). Satirical poem. 1681.
_____. The Medall. A Satyre against Sedition. By the Author of Absalom and Achitophel. Poem. 1682.
_____. Religio Laici, or A Layman's Faith.  Poem. 1682.
_____. trans. of Boileau's Art Poétique. (With William Soames). 1683.
_____. To the Pious Memory of Mrs. Anne Killigrew. Poem. 1686.
_____. The Hind and the Panther. A Poem . In Three Parts.  1687.
_____. "Song for St. Cecilia's Day."  1687. Set by Draghi in 1687.
______. Amphitryon. Comedy. 1690.
_____. Don Sebastian. Drama. 1690.
____. King Arthur or The British Worthy. Dramatic opera. Music by Purcell. 1691.
_____, trans. Aeneis. By Virgil. 1697. (Audiobook here)
_____, trans.  Fables Ancient and Modern, Translated into Verse from Homer, Virgil, Boccacce, and Chaucer.  1699.



THE AGE OF DRYDEN: a video lecture (in Indian English)







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Dryden y la música
_____________________________ 

THE EARL OF ROCHESTER  (1647-1680)

John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester, b. Ditchley, Oxfordshire, son of the 1st Earl of Rochester; scandalous court wit under Charles II, rake and hooligan; destroyed his health through drink and sex; atheist and misanthropist converted to Christianity before his death, died in London.

_____. "An Allusion to Horace." Satire.
_____. "Trial of the Poets for the Bays." Satire. Imitation of Boileau.
_____. "Epistolary Letter to Lord Mulgrave." Satire. 

_____. "A Satyre against Reason and Mankind."
_____. "A Satyre on Charles II."

_____. "The Imperfect Enjoyment."

_____. "The Fall."
_____. "The Disabled Debauchee."
_____. Poems on Several Occasions... 1680.
_____. Valentinian.  Tragedy. 1685.
_____. Upon Nothing. 1711.

Esta es la página de Rochester en Luminarium—con obras, crítica, etc. Es especialmente recomendable la Satire against Reason and Mankind.  (Este texto está mejor que el de las fotocopias). Sobre Rochester y el teatro de la Restauración hay una película recomendable (The Libertine). (The theatre scene) -  (the Exclusion Crisis)


Unas notas complementarias sobre Rochester.
 
______

 

NIVEL AVANZADO: 

- Upon Nothing:
https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/53720/upon-nothing 

and commentary:

http://www.poetryfoundation.org/learning/guide/247988#poem
 

- Dr Kat on Rochester (video lecture)

 

- Rochester and Restoration Drama

______

PROSE WRITERS OF THE RESTORATION:

 

 

4 nov. - Veremos Pilgrim's Progress de John Bunyan.

EDWARD HYDE, EARL OF CLARENDON (1609-1674)

_____. The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England.  3 vols. Finished 1671-2. Pub. 1702-4.
_____. The Life of Edward, Earl of Clarendon.  Written 1668-70. Pub. 1759.

__________________

SAMUEL PEPYS  (1633-1703)
_____. Diary. Written 1660-69. Deciphered by John Smith; pub. 1825-.
_____. Memories Relating to the State of the Royal Navy. 1690.
_____. Letters and Second Diary.  1932
_____. The Tangier Papers of Samuel Pepys.   1935.

Pepys was an English gentleman and politician, the author of a secret diary, unpublished and undecyphered until the 19th century; lower middle class Puritan background, Anglican; st. with a scholarship, social promotion, official at the Navy office during the Restoration; imprisoned during Popish Plot and after 1688 Revolution; reformer of the Navy office, member of the Royal Society. 


JOHN EVELYN (1620-1706)

_____. Diary. Written 1641-. Ed. 1818.
_____. Liberty and Servitude. Treatise. 1649.
_____. A Character of England. 1659.
_____. Apology of the Royal Party. 1659.
_____. Fumifugium ot The Smoak of London Dissipated. Project. 1661.
_____. Tyrannus, or the Mode. Essay. 1661.
_____. Sculptura. Treatise. (Engraving). 1662.
_____. Kalendarium Hortense: or, Gard'ners Almanac. 
_____. Sylva, or a Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber. 1664.
_____. London Revived: Considerations for its Rebuilding in 1666. 
_____. Terra, or A Philosophical Discourse of Earth. 1675.
_____. The Life of Mrs. Godolphin. 1847.


Evelyn was an English royalist gentleman who travelled in Europe during the 1640s; polygraph, virtuoso and member of the Royal Society, friend of Pepys.

___________ 

NIVEL AVANZADO
John Evelyn's early modern ecologism: a lecture at the Royal Society, on Sylva and the idea of sustainability: https://royalsociety.org/events/2013/sustainability/


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JOHN BUNYAN   (Bedfordshire, 1628-London 1688)

_____. Some Gospel Truths Opened. 1656.
_____. A Few Sighs from Hell. 1658.
_____. Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners. Spiritual autobiography. 1666.
_____. The Pilgrim's Progress. Allegorical fiction. Part I, 1678. Part II, 1684.
_____. The Life and Death of Mr. Badman Presented to the World in a Familiar Dialogue between Mr. Wiseman and Mr. Attentive. Allegorical fiction. 1680.
_____. The Holy War made by Shaddai upon Diabolus. Allegorical fiction. 1682. 


 _______________

 John Bunyan (NIVEL AVANZADO)

By the Sword Divided: The Mailed Fist (1657)
  _____________

Timeline of the Restoration and Augustan period



Puritan rule under Oliver Cromwell during the 1650s.  Lord Protector. Protestant politics during the Interregnum.

THE RESTORATION. Restoration of Charles II, 1660. Act of Oblivion. Charles and Catherine of Braganza will have no children, but Charles will have many children by his mistresses. His brother, the Duke of York, will be the inheritor (problem: he was a Catholic).

1660s- The Royal Society, first scientific society.

1665-6 – Great Plague and Great Fire of London

1666, 1670. Dutch wars. Secret treaty of Charles with the French against the Dutch.

1672. Declaration of Indulgence towards Catholics and Nonconformists —but 1673 Test Act excludes Catholics from public office.

1677 William of Orange marries Mary, daughter of James, Duke of York.

1678 Popish plot scandal fostered by anti-Catholics (Titus Oates).

1680 Exclusion Crisis. The growth of party politics (Whigs / Tories).

1683 Rye House Plot fails to assassinate Charles and James.

1684 Charles' son Monmouth implicated in plot.

1685. Death of Charles, accesion of James II. Louis XIV allows persecution of French protestants.

1687. James's Declaration of Indulgence. The Monmouth rebellion.

1688. The Glorious Revolution and Dutch invasion (Audio). A Whig revolution. James escapes to France but lands with an army in Ireland. Defeated by William III at the Battle of the Boyne (1690) and Aughrim (1691). William and Mary rule—we'll use "the Augustan Age" for the last decade of the 18th and the 1st half of the 18th c.

1689. Bill of Rights. Toleration of Nonconformists.

1693-94: National Debt and Bank of England established.

1702. William dies. Anne, daughter of James II, reigns to 1714 (Last of the Stuart monarchs).

18th century: The growth of commerce & the American colonies. East India company begins expansion in India.

1704-6. Victories of Marlborough.

1707: Act of Union (Union of Parliaments): United Kingdom of Great Britain (Union with Ireland: 1800)

1710: Fall of the Whigs. Act of Copyright.

1714-1727: The House of Hanover.  Reign of George I, grandson of James I. More Georges: George II reigns1727-1760. George III 1760-1820.

1715: Fall of the Tories. Jacobite rising defeated. (Again in 1745, last Jacobite rising coming from Scotland – as told in Scott's Waverley).

____________________

Wrightson on the Restoration:

 

NIVEL AVANZADO: The historical context of the Glorious revolution.

 In Our Time: The Restoration

 

 

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1. Early 17th c.