2. LATE 17TH C.

2. LATE 17TH C.

El 17-N empezamos con Oroonoko de Aphra Behn, y seguimos con Locke y Egerton.

 

Pronto terminamos el tema 2, con Locke y Newton, y pasamos al tema 3, tratando con Egerton, y con sus respectivas selecciones de textos. Egerton, Newton, y otros autores están a caballo entre la última década del XVII y la primera mitad del siglo XVIII.






Sir Isaac Newton  (1642-1727).

_____. Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica.  1687. (Mathematical principles of natural philosophy)
_____. Opticks. 1704.
_____. A Treatise of the System of the World. 1728. (Written c. 1685)


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NIVEL AVANZADO: Sir Isaac Newton

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JOHN LOCKE     (1632-1704)

_____. (Anon.). Two Treatises of Government.  1689.
_____. (Signed). An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. 1689.
_____. Letters for Toleration. 1690-92.
 _____. Some Considerations of the Consequences of the Lowering of Interest, and Raising the Value of Money. 1691.
_____. Some Thoughts Concerning Education. 1693.
_____. The Reasonableness of Christianity. 1695.

Locke was an English empiricist philosopher and political theorist, b. Wrington, Somersetshire; Lecturer, physician and philosopher; assistant to the First Earl of Shaftesbury, Whig political theorist, exile in Netherlands 1682-88; customs official after revolution; d Oates, Essex; influential theorist of knowledge and economist; proto-liberal, defends political and religious toleration.

_________________________

- Some notes on John Locke

- John Locke (Wikipedia).

Aquí un pequeño vídeo sobre Locke (con una errata, ojo: llaman a la revolución de 1688 "la revolución de Cromwell" confundiéndola con la de 1642).









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 NIVEL AVANZADO:

 

Antes del influyente Discurso sobre la Tolerancia de Locke, hubo también precedentes. Aquí hay un breve "Discurso sobre la tolerancia" de William Drummond, poeta con el que empezamos este curso: A Discourse on Toleration

- Materiales sobre John Locke

- Restoration Women Writers

 

- Aquí hay algunos títulos relativos al comienzo del periodismo en el siglo XVII.
 
________________________

 

 

 

El 11-N trataremos de algunos dramaturgos de la Restauración, y más en detalle de Aphra Behn. Necesitaremos el texto de Oroonoko.

 


Aphra Behn  (1640-1689)

_____. The Forc’d Marriage. Drama. 1670.
_____. The Amorous Prince. Heroic drama. 1671.
_____. The Dutch Lover. Drama. 1672.
_____. The Town-Fop; or, Sir Timothy Tawdry. Comedy. 1676.
_____. Abdelazer; or the Moor’s Revenge.  Tragedy. 1676.
_____. The Rover, or, the Banish’t Cavaliers. Comedy. 2 parts. 1677, 1681.
_____. Sir Patient Fancy. Comedy. 1678.
_____. The Feigned Curtezans. Comedy. 1679.
_____. The Young King; or The Mistake. Heroic drama. 1679.
_____. The City Heiress; or, Sir Timothy Treat-All. Comedy. 1682.
_____. The Round-Heads: or, The Good Old Cause.  Satiric drama. 1682.
_____. The False Count; or, a New Way to Play an Old Game. Farce. 1682.
_____. Love Letters between a Nobleman and His Sister.  Novel. 1684.
_____. The Lucky Chance; or , an Alderman’s Bargain. Comedy. 1687.
_____. The Emperor of the Moon. Farce. 1687.
_____. Three Stories, viz. Oroonoko; or, The Royal Slave; The Fair Jilt, and Agnes de Castro.  Novellas. 1688. 

_____. The Widow Ranter. Tragicomedy. 1689.

Oroonoko, or The Royal Slave (Audiobook):





"Oroonoko, or The Royal Slave is a novel by Aphra Behn (1640-1689). Aphra Behn was the first woman writer in England to make a living by her pen, and her novel Oroonoko was the first work published in English to express sympathy for African slaves. Perhaps based partly on Behn's own experiences living in Surinam, the novel tells the tragic story of a noble slave, Oroonoko, and his love Imoinda. The work was an instant success and was adapted for the stage in 1695 (and more recently by the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1999). Behn's work paved the way for women writers who came after her, as Virginia Woolf noted in A Room of One's Own (1928): "All women together ought to let flowers fall upon the tomb of Aphra Behn, ... for it was she who earned them the right to speak their minds." (Summary by Elizabeth Klett)

Orinoco de Aphra Behn

- Some further notes on Aphra Behn.

- Music for Aphra Behn's Abdelazer, by Henry Purcell.

 

 

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NIVEL AVANZADO:

- An audio on Aphra Behn (In Our Time, BBC).

- A lecture on Oroonoko

- An overview of  Oroonoko

____________


Some Restoration dramatists:

SIR WILLIAM DAVENANT  ( 1605-1668)
_____. The Wits. Comedy. c. 1633.
_____. Love and Honour. Heroic play. 1634, pub. 1649.  Revived 1661.
_____. Temple of Love. Masque. Premiere performed by Queen Henrietta Maria and her ladies. 1635.
_____. Britannia Triumphans. Masque. 1638.
_____. Salmacida Spolia. Masque. 1640.
_____. Gondibert. Epic poem. 1650.
_____. The First Day’s Entertainment at Rutland House.
_____. The Siege of Rhodes. Operatic drama in two parts. Part 1 performed 1656, 1657.
_____. The Cruelty of the Spaniards in Peru. Operatic drama. 1658.
_____. The History of Sir Francis Drake. Operatic drama. 1659.
_____. The Law Against Lovers. Drama.1662. (Based on Shakespeare’s Measure for Measure and Much Ado About Nothing).
_____. Macbeth. Operatic adaptation. 1673.
_____. Playhouse to Be Let. Adapted from Molière.
Davenant, William, and John Dryden. The Tempest or The Enchanted Island.  Operatic adaptation of Shakespeare’s work. 1667.

Davenant was a Royalist poet, dramatist and dramatic producer; the son of an Oxford tavern-keeper, godson and self-reputed illegitimate son of Shakespeare; st. All Saints grammar school, Oxford, and Lincoln College, page to Frances Duchess of Richmond, patronized by Fulke Greville, Lord Brooke; court dramatist and poet, laureate at the Queen’s wish 1638, named governor of the King’s and Queen’s players at Drury Lane 1639; Cavalier activist, imprisoned by Parliamentarians, escape to France, lieutenant-general in the Earl of Newcastle’s army, knighted 1643 for service at the siege of Gloucester, emissary between the King and Queen, l. Paris, Louvre, projected colonist, imprisoned at Wight and the Tower of London, seemingly protected by Milton, later repaid favour, released, organiser of musical dramatic events, Theatre at Rutland House, Charterhouse Yard, 1656-, reviver of drama after Puritan interruption; licensed impresario after Restoration with the Duke’s Company, died insolvent, buried at Westminster Abbey.



George Etherege (1634-1691)
_____. The Comical Revenge, or Love in a Tub. Comedy. 1664.
_____. She Wou'd if She Cou'd. Comedy. 1668.
_____. The Man of Mode, or, Sir Fopling Flutter.  1676.

William Wycherley (1641-1715)

_____. Love in a Wood, or St. James's Park. Drama. 1671.
_____. The Gentleman Dancing-Master. Comedy. 1672.
_____. The Country Wife. Comedy. 1675.
_____. The Plain Dealer. Comedy. 1676.


William Congreve (1670-1729)
_____. The Old Bachelor. Comedy. 1693.
_____. Love for Love. Comedy. 1695.
_____. The Mourning Bride. Tragedy. 1697.
_____. The Way of the World. Comedy. 1700.


________

NIVEL AVANZADO:

 
- the plot of Congreve's The Way of the World.


- Nahum Tate (1652-1715)
______. Shakespearean adaptations (Richard II, King Lear)
______. Dido and Aeneas. Opera with music by Henry Purcell. 1689.

 

__________

 

Samuel Butler (1613-1680)
_____. Hudibras. Burlesque epic. 3 parts. 1663, 1664, 1678.
_____. Characters. 1667-9, pub. 1759. (A virtuoso, A hermetic philosopher, etc.)
_____. The Elephant in the Moon. Satire. 1759.
_____. Satire on the Royal Society. Satirical poem. 1759.
_____. The Genuine Remains in Verse and Prose of Mr Samuel Butler. 1759.



A burlesque dramatic satire against Dryden and the heroic plays: The Rehearsal, ascribed to the Duke of Buckingham and Samuel Butler.
 

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10 nov.: trataremos de Rochester, Dryden, y seguidamente Aphra Behn y Locke.

Primero veremos a Rochester, Dryden, y otros dramaturgos de la Restauración.  Id leyendo las selecciones de novelas que tenemos, que son algo largas, empezando por Oroonoko de Aphra Behn.

JOHN DRYDEN     (1631-1700)

English man of letters, b. Aldwinkle, Northamptonshire; st. Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge; Parliamentarian protestant background, soon Anglican Royalist courtier, converted to catholicism 1686; successful playwright, Poet Laureate 1668; Historiographer 1670; Tory satirist and polemicist vs. Whigs; lost jobs in 1688 Revolution; then jacobite; neoclassical critic and translator; influential dramatist, poet and critic, d. London; buried at Westminster Abbey after some grotesque incidents.

_____. "A Poem upon the Death of His Late Highness, Oliver, Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland." 1659. Rev. version: "Heroic Stanzas Consecrated to the Memory of His Highness Oliver..."
_____. Astraea Redux. A Poem on the Happy Restoration and Return of his Sacred Majesty Charles the Second. Poem. 1660.
_____. To His Sacred Majesty, A Panegyrick on his Coronation. 1661.
_____. The Rival Ladies. Tragicomedy. 1664.
_____. The Indian Emperor, or The Conquest of Mexico by the Spaniards. Heroic drama. 1665.
_____.  Annus Mirabilis, The Year of wonders, 1666. An Historical Poem: containing the Progress and various Successes of our Naval War with Holland, under the Conduct of His Highness Prince Rupert... And describing the Fire of London.  1667.
_____. The Tempest, or The Enchanted Island.  1667. (With William Davenant. Based on Shakespeare. Revised with music by Mattew Locke).
_____.  Of Dramatic Poesy: An Essay.  1668. 
_____. Tyrannick love, or , The Royal Martyr. Heroic play 1669.
_____. Almanzor and Almahide, or The Conquest of Granada. Heroic play. 2 parts, 1669, 1670. Pub. 1672.
_____. An Evening's Love. Tragicomedy. 1671.
_____. Marriage à la Mode. Comedy 1672.
_____. Aureng-Zebe. Heroic play. 1676.
_____. All for Love; or, The World Well Lost. Tragedy. 1678.
_____. Mac-Flecknoe, or A Satyr upon the True-Blew-Protestant Poet, T. S.  1676, pub. 1682.
_____. The Spanish Fryar, or The Double Discovery.  Tragicomedy. 1680.
_____.  (Anon.) Absalom and Achitophel.  (1st part). Satirical poem. 1681.
_____. The Medall. A Satyre against Sedition. By the Author of Absalom and Achitophel. Poem. 1682.
_____. Religio Laici, or A Layman's Faith.  Poem. 1682.
_____. trans. of Boileau's Art Poétique. (With William Soames). 1683.
_____. To the Pious Memory of Mrs. Anne Killigrew. Poem. 1686.
_____. The Hind and the Panther. A Poem . In Three Parts.  1687.
_____. "Song for St. Cecilia's Day."  1687. Set by Draghi in 1687.
______. Amphitryon. Comedy. 1690.
_____. Don Sebastian. Drama. 1690.
____. King Arthur or The British Worthy. Dramatic opera. Music by Purcell. 1691.
_____, trans. Aeneis. By Virgil. 1697. (Audiobook here)
_____, trans.  Fables Ancient and Modern, Translated into Verse from Homer, Virgil, Boccacce, and Chaucer.  1699.



THE AGE OF DRYDEN: a video lecture (in Indian English)







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Dryden y la música
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THE EARL OF ROCHESTER  (1647-1680)

John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester, b. Ditchley, Oxfordshire, son of the 1st Earl of Rochester; scandalous court wit under Charles II, rake and hooligan; destroyed his health through drink and sex; atheist and misanthropist converted to Christianity before his death, died in London.

_____. "An Allusion to Horace." Satire.
_____. "Trial of the Poets for the Bays." Satire. Imitation of Boileau.
_____. "Epistolary Letter to Lord Mulgrave." Satire. 

_____. "A Satyre against Reason and Mankind."
_____. "A Satyre on Charles II."

_____. "The Imperfect Enjoyment."

_____. "The Fall."
_____. "The Disabled Debauchee."
_____. Poems on Several Occasions... 1680.
_____. Valentinian.  Tragedy. 1685.
_____. Upon Nothing. 1711.

Esta es la página de Rochester en Luminarium—con obras, crítica, etc. Es especialmente recomendable la Satire against Reason and Mankind.  (Este texto está mejor que el de las fotocopias). Sobre Rochester y el teatro de la Restauración hay una película recomendable (The Libertine). (The theatre scene) -  (the Exclusion Crisis)


Unas notas complementarias sobre Rochester.
 
______

 

NIVEL AVANZADO: 

- Upon Nothing:
https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/53720/upon-nothing 

and commentary:

http://www.poetryfoundation.org/learning/guide/247988#poem
 

- Dr Kat on Rochester (video lecture)

 

- Rochester and Restoration Drama

______

PROSE WRITERS OF THE RESTORATION:

 

 

4 nov. - Veremos Pilgrim's Progress de John Bunyan.

EDWARD HYDE, EARL OF CLARENDON (1609-1674)

_____. The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England.  3 vols. Finished 1671-2. Pub. 1702-4.
_____. The Life of Edward, Earl of Clarendon.  Written 1668-70. Pub. 1759.

__________________

SAMUEL PEPYS  (1633-1703)
_____. Diary. Written 1660-69. Deciphered by John Smith; pub. 1825-.
_____. Memories Relating to the State of the Royal Navy. 1690.
_____. Letters and Second Diary.  1932
_____. The Tangier Papers of Samuel Pepys.   1935.

Pepys was an English gentleman and politician, the author of a secret diary, unpublished and undecyphered until the 19th century; lower middle class Puritan background, Anglican; st. with a scholarship, social promotion, official at the Navy office during the Restoration; imprisoned during Popish Plot and after 1688 Revolution; reformer of the Navy office, member of the Royal Society. 


JOHN EVELYN (1620-1706)

_____. Diary. Written 1641-. Ed. 1818.
_____. Liberty and Servitude. Treatise. 1649.
_____. A Character of England. 1659.
_____. Apology of the Royal Party. 1659.
_____. Fumifugium ot The Smoak of London Dissipated. Project. 1661.
_____. Tyrannus, or the Mode. Essay. 1661.
_____. Sculptura. Treatise. (Engraving). 1662.
_____. Kalendarium Hortense: or, Gard'ners Almanac. 
_____. Sylva, or a Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber. 1664.
_____. London Revived: Considerations for its Rebuilding in 1666. 
_____. Terra, or A Philosophical Discourse of Earth. 1675.
_____. The Life of Mrs. Godolphin. 1847.


Evelyn was an English royalist gentleman who travelled in Europe during the 1640s; polygraph, virtuoso and member of the Royal Society, friend of Pepys.

___________ 

NIVEL AVANZADO
John Evelyn's early modern ecologism: a lecture at the Royal Society, on Sylva and the idea of sustainability: https://royalsociety.org/events/2013/sustainability/


_____________


JOHN BUNYAN   (Bedfordshire, 1628-London 1688)

_____. Some Gospel Truths Opened. 1656.
_____. A Few Sighs from Hell. 1658.
_____. Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners. Spiritual autobiography. 1666.
_____. The Pilgrim's Progress. Allegorical fiction. Part I, 1678. Part II, 1684.
_____. The Life and Death of Mr. Badman Presented to the World in a Familiar Dialogue between Mr. Wiseman and Mr. Attentive. Allegorical fiction. 1680.
_____. The Holy War made by Shaddai upon Diabolus. Allegorical fiction. 1682. 


 _______________

 John Bunyan (NIVEL AVANZADO)

By the Sword Divided: The Mailed Fist (1657)
  _____________

Timeline of the Restoration and Augustan period



Puritan rule under Oliver Cromwell during the 1650s.  Lord Protector. Protestant politics during the Interregnum.

THE RESTORATION. Restoration of Charles II, 1660. Act of Oblivion. Charles and Catherine of Braganza will have no children, but Charles will have many children by his mistresses. His brother, the Duke of York, will be the inheritor (problem: he was a Catholic).

1660s- The Royal Society, first scientific society.

1665-6 – Great Plague and Great Fire of London

1666, 1670. Dutch wars. Secret treaty of Charles with the French against the Dutch.

1672. Declaration of Indulgence towards Catholics and Nonconformists —but 1673 Test Act excludes Catholics from public office.

1677 William of Orange marries Mary, daughter of James, Duke of York.

1678 Popish plot scandal fostered by anti-Catholics (Titus Oates).

1680 Exclusion Crisis. The growth of party politics (Whigs / Tories).

1683 Rye House Plot fails to assassinate Charles and James.

1684 Charles' son Monmouth implicated in plot.

1685. Death of Charles, accesion of James II. Louis XIV allows persecution of French protestants.

1687. James's Declaration of Indulgence. The Monmouth rebellion.

1688. The Glorious Revolution and Dutch invasion (Audio). A Whig revolution. James escapes to France but lands with an army in Ireland. Defeated by William III at the Battle of the Boyne (1690) and Aughrim (1691). William and Mary rule—we'll use "the Augustan Age" for the last decade of the 18th and the 1st half of the 18th c.

1689. Bill of Rights. Toleration of Nonconformists.

1693-94: National Debt and Bank of England established.

1702. William dies. Anne, daughter of James II, reigns to 1714 (Last of the Stuart monarchs).

18th century: The growth of commerce & the American colonies. East India company begins expansion in India.

1704-6. Victories of Marlborough.

1707: Act of Union (Union of Parliaments): United Kingdom of Great Britain (Union with Ireland: 1800)

1710: Fall of the Whigs. Act of Copyright.

1714-1727: The House of Hanover.  Reign of George I, grandson of James I. More Georges: George II reigns1727-1760. George III 1760-1820.

1715: Fall of the Tories. Jacobite rising defeated. (Again in 1745, last Jacobite rising coming from Scotland – as told in Scott's Waverley).

____________________

Wrightson on the Restoration:

 

NIVEL AVANZADO: The historical context of the Glorious revolution.

 In Our Time: The Restoration

 

 

___________________

1. Early 17th c.

John Bunyan (NIVEL AVANZADO)

__________________

Nivel avanzado:



A lecture on The Puritan Revolt and the life of John Bunyan.




Se pueden leer más episodios de Pilgrim's Progress en PROJECT GUTENBERG.

Vanity Fair comparada en The Pilgrim's Progress y en El Criticón de Baltasar Gracián.









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EXCURSOS, nivel avanzado

 
René Girard es un interesante teorizador del deseo mimético, del chivo expiatorio, y del cristianismo. Aquí hay una entrevista al respecto.


 
En La construcción social de la realidad, título de un libro de Peter L. Berger y Thomas Luckmann (The Social Construction of Reality) se habla de las diversas realidades en que habitamos, construidas por las ideologías. Aquí un comentario a cuenta de las conversiones religiosas (tales como la de Bunyan) como construcción de una realidad alternativa "entusiasta" y un conflicto entre realidades: "Conversión, reinterpretación, topsight y retroacción":
https://www.academia.edu/12296749/ 

 

 ___________

John Bunyan

From The Oxford Companion to English Literature, ed. Margaret Drabble.

BUNYAN, John (1628-1688), born at Elstow, near Bedford, the son of a brazier. He learned to read and write at the village school and was early set to his father's trade. He was drafted into the parliamentary army and was stationed at Newport Pagnell, 1644-6, an experience perhaps reflected in The Holy War. In 1659 he married his first wife, who introduced him to two religious works, Dent's Plain Man's Pathway to Heaven and Bayly's Practice of Piety; these, the Bible, the Prayer Book, and Foxe's *Actes and Monuments were his principal reading matter. In 1653 he joined a Non-conformist church in Bedford, preached there, and came into conflict with the Quakers (see under FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF), against whom he published his first writings, Some Gospel Truths Opened (1656) and A Vindication (1657). He married his second wife Elizabeth c. 1659, his first having died c. 1656 leaving four children. As an itinerant tinker who presented his Puritan mission as apostolic and placed the poor and simple above the mighty and learned, Bunyan was viewed by the Restoration authorities as a militant subversive. Arrested in Nov. 1660 for preaching without a licence, he was derided at his trial as 'a pestilent fellow', to which his wife riposted, 'Because he is a tinker, and a poor man, therefore he is despised and cannot have justice.' Bunyan spent most of the next 12 years in Bedford Jail. During the first half of this period he wrote nine books, including his spiritual autobiography, *Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners (1666). In 1665 appeared The Holy City, or The New Jerusalem, inspired by a passage in the Book of Revelation. In 1672 he published  A Confession of my Faith, and a Reason of My Practice. After his release in 1672 he was appointed pastor at the same church, but was imprisoned again for a short period in 1677 during which he probably finished the first part of *The Pilgrim's Progress, which had been written during the latter years of the first imprisonment. The first part was published in 1678, and the second, together with the whole work, in 1684. His other principal works are The Life and Death of Mr *Badman (1680) and The Holy War (1682). Bunyan preached in many parts, his down-to-earth, humorous, and impassioned style drawing crowds of hundreds, but was not further molested. There are recent editions of his more important works by R. Sharrock, who also wrote a biography. See also A Turbulent, Seditious and Factious People: John Bunyan and His Church by C. *Hill (1988).


Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners, or The Brief Relation of the Exceeding Mercy of God in Christ to his Poor Servant John Bunyan (1666), a Puritan conversion narrative by *Bunyan, testifying to the focal events in his journey to assurance of salvation. Its pastoral purpose was to comfort his flock at Bedford during his imprisonment. The author bound himself to the Puritan 'plain style', for 'God did not play in convincing of me . . . I may not play in relating'. The document chronicles anguished oscillation between spiritual despair and contrite reassurance and bears witness to the inner struggle of moods ('up and down twenty times in an hour') which typified Puritan experience. External events (military service in the Civil War, marriage, etc.) are subordinate to inner and spiritual events, as Bunyan struggles against the lure of church bells, the doctrines of the *Ranters, Sabbath recreations, dancing, swearing and blaspheming—even against envy of toads and dogs as being exempt from God's wrath. It details his joining of the Bedford church, call to the ministry, and trials.


The Pilgrim's Progress, from This World to That Which Is to Come, a prose allegory by *Bunyan. Part I published 1678 (a second edition with additions appeared in the same year, and a third in 1679), Part II 1684.
    The allegory takes the form of a dream by the author. In this he sees *Christian, with a burden on his back and reading in a book, from which he learns that the city in which he and his family dwell will be burned with fire. On the advice of Evangelist, Christian flees from the *City of Destruction, having failed to persuade his wife and children to accompany him. Pt I describes his pilgrimage through the *Slough of Despond, the Interpreter's House, the House Beautiful, the *Valley of Humiliation, the *Valley of the Shadow of Death, *Vanity Fair, *Doubting Castle, the *Delectable Mountains, the Country of *Beulah, to the *Celestial City. On the way he encounters various allegorical personages, among them Mr *Worldly Wiseman, *Faithful (who accompanies Christian on his way but is put to death in Vanity Fair), Hopeful (who next joins Christian), Giant *Despair, the foul fiend *Apollyon, and many others.
    Pt II relates how Christian's wife Christiana, moved by a vision, sets out with her children on the same pilgrimage, accompanied by her neighbour Mercy, despite the objections of Mrs Timorous and others. They are escorted by *Great-heart, who overcomes Giant Despair and other monsters and brings them to their destination. The work is a development of the Puritan conversion narrative (see GRACE ABOUNDING), drawing on popular literature such as *emblem books and *chapbooks, as well as *Foxe's Book of Martyrs and the Bible. It is remarkable for the beauty and simplicity of its language (Bunyan was permeated with the English of the Bible, though he was also a master of the colloquial English of his own time), the vividness and reality of the characterization, and the author's sense of humour and feeling for the world of nature. It circulated at first mainly in uneducated circles, and its wide appeal is shown by the fact that it has been translated into well over 100 languages. It became a children's classic, regarded by generations of parents as a manual of moral instruction and an aid to literacy, as well as a delightful tale. It was a seminal text in the development of the realistic novel, and Bunyan's humorously caustic development of the tradition of name symbolism influenced *Dickens, *Trollope, and *Thackeray.

The Life and Death of Mr Badman, an allegory by *Bunyan, published 1680.
    The allegory takes the form of a dialogue, in which Mr Wiseman relates the life of Mr Badman, recently deceased, and Mr. Attentive comments on it. The youthful Badman shows early signs of his vicious disposition. He beguiles a rich damsel into marriage and ruins her; sets up in trade and swindles his creditors by fraudulent bankruptcies and his customers by false weights; breaks his leg when coming home drunk; and displays a short-lived sickbed repentance. His wife dies of despair and Badman marries again, but his second wife is as wicked as he is and they part 'as poor as Howlets'. Finally Badman dies of a complication of diseases. The story is entertaining as well as edifying and has a place in the evolution of the English novel.

Vanity Fair

—oOo—